南方菜地辣椒主要病虫害综合防治技术

本文较为系统地总结了我国南方及长江中下游地区,辣椒秋延晚栽培的主要病虫害综合防治技术及其措施,坚持以农业防治和生物防治为主,化学防治为辅,生态调控与物理防治相结合,在无公害辣椒大面积生产中逐步实现病虫害的可持续治理。     

杭州植物园白蚁为害现状及防治对策

白蚁是杭州重要的园林害虫,近年来为害猖獗,严重影响了植物的生长,破坏了生态景观。调查表明,为害杭州植物园的白蚁主要有4种,其中又以黑翅土白蚁为害最为严重。白蚁防治应遵循“预防为主,防治结合”的原则,采取综合防治。杭州植物园的白蚁防治应根据其自身条件,在加强园林养护的基础上,宜采取药剂驱避、喷粉灭杀、诱杀包诱杀相结合的防治措施。     

种养循环农作制度碳足迹评估——以鲜食玉米-奶牛-粪便还田循环模式为例

【目的】基于农业碳计量学方法对种养复杂系统全生命周期固碳减排效果的综合评估,是从全产业链视角开展我国低碳农作制度设计和优化的基础。本研究比较了5种系统情景及其对应的种养循环产业链碳足迹评估框架,以期为国内外低碳农作制度创建提供科学、合理、可用的方法学借鉴。【方法】研究基于ISO 14040发布的产品全生命周期碳足迹评价框架,结合IPCC提供的农田和养殖业温室气体核算体系,在不同的系统边界下,构建种养循环农作制度碳足迹评估框架,并以华南热作区鲜食玉米-奶牛-粪便还田循环模式为实证研究对象开展评估效果验证。【结果】评估框架明确了种养循环和分离模式全产业链都包含有农资投入、农田种植、动物养殖、粪便管理、运输和土壤碳汇变化等6个核算环节,并对各环节的碳计量学逻辑及其碳足迹核算方法进行了分析。案例结果表明,鲜食玉米-奶牛-粪便还田种养循环模式全生命周期碳足迹比分离模式降低了34.44%,表现出更好的固碳减排效果。评估框架对种养“耦合”或“脱耦”后对上游农资生产及运输环节的“间接排放”,以及下游产业链饲料替代和废弃物循环利用的“替代性减排”特征能够充分体现,实景系统田间实测数据和调研数据与背景系统...     

Plant protection means used in organic farming throughout the European Union

Following the obligatory implementation of integrated pest management in the European Union (EU), the plant protection means suitable for application in organic agriculture attracted the attention of quite a wide group of potential users. In spite of the common rules of organic production, as well as the uniform principles of placing plant protection products on the market, the availability of products that can be legally used in organic crop protection differs significantly among the Member States. There is a uniform list of 10 basic substances that can be used in the protection of organic crops throughout the entire EU. Twelve Member States have official registers of plant protection products for use in organic agriculture, and the total number of qualified products per country varies from 11 in Lithuania to 576 in Italy. Some products that improve plant vigour or resistance and may be of use in protection of organic crops are placed on the market as biostimulants. They fall under the law that governs fertilisers and the systems of their registration vary widely among the Member States. In addition, there exist a number of products that have been legally introduced onto the markets of some Member States without registration as a consequence of a loophole in the law. The use of unregistered products in organic agriculture raises some doubts, but currently it seems that there is no legal basis on which to explicitly prohibit the practice. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

花生壳生物炭对潮土和红壤理化性质和温室气体排放的影响

为探讨花生壳生物炭用于农田土壤改良的效果,采用盆栽试验,结合静态箱-气相色谱法研究了施用不同剂量(0、0.5%、1%、2%、4%)花生壳生物炭对红壤和潮土的理化性质及温室气体排放变化特征的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭对潮土温室气体排放的影响较大,且两种土壤表现出不同的排放特征。总体上,潮土N_2O累积排放量显著高于红壤,与单施氮肥处理相比,随生物炭添加量的增加,潮土N_2O累积排放量显著降低,降幅达6.5%~26.6%;红壤N_2O累积排放量则随生物炭添加量的增加呈上升趋势,与单施氮肥处理相比,红壤N_2O累积排放量增幅为14.7%~54.3%。与对照相比,施用生物炭显著增加潮土CO_2排放,其累积排放量增幅最大为25.9%;而对红壤CO_2累积排放量则没有显著影响。此外,在施用不同剂量生物炭处理下,两种土壤CH_4排放无规律性变化,CH_4排放累积量总体在0左右。与空白对照和单施氮肥处理相比,随生物炭添加量的增加,两种土壤的固碳量显著增加,潮土增加了57.1%~78.7%,红壤增加了11.2%~59.9%;同时随生物炭的施用,潮土温室气体排放强度显著提高68.0%~76.8%,而生物炭添加量对红壤的温室气体排放强度无显著影响。分析认为,对潮土施用生物炭通过改变土壤容重、有机碳、无机氮等养分含量,显著提高温室气体排放强度,抑制供试作物生长,增强其净综合温室效应;而对红壤添加生物炭则可促进作物生长,其温室气体排放强度无显著增加,提升土壤固碳量,具有较好的生态效应。     

冬枣蜜蜂授粉与绿色防控技术集成应用及效果分析

为有效解决随枣树规模化种植出现的,枣树授粉过度依赖激素及病虫防控过度依赖化学农药的双重问题。通过建立示范区开展冬枣蜜蜂授粉与病虫绿色防控集成应用探索,集成了以保护蜜蜂、果品安全,提高蜜蜂授粉效率的配套技术。同时,采取田间小区试验研究蜜蜂授粉有效半径及蜜蜂授粉对枣树坐果、果实发育的影响,结果表明：4足框蜂群有效授粉半径为150 m。与常规赤霉素授粉相比,通过蜜蜂授粉畸形果率降低了57.14%;幼果纵茎、纵向周长、单果重量,分别增加2.25 mm、6.72 mm 和1.43 g。同时通过蜜蜂授粉可有效改善枣果品质、提高枣果商品率,较赤霉素授粉商品率提高7.1%,市场售价每kg增加1.5元。蜜蜂授粉可有效替代赤霉素授粉,保证枣树坐果,减少枣果畸形,提升枣果品质,增加果农收入。